The life expectancy of the sheep is similar to dogs, between 10 and 20 years. The average is about 10 to 12 years. However, the number of years a ewe production tends to be much less. The higher yield of the sheep, as productivity, usually occurs between 3 and 6 years and always usually begins to decline after the age of 7 years. The sheep can remain productive for 10 years if they are kept well and with care and proper diet.

The approximate age of sheep can be determined from the teeth. The teeth are located only in the lower jaw, on the top there is only one continuous bone formation flying where the teeth to rip the grass.

At birth, lambs have 8 milk teeth or temporary teeth, in about a year, the two front incisors of the arch are replaced with permanent ones. At 2 years the other two permanent incisor teeth take the place of those of milk. Between 3 and 4 years appear the other permanent teeth. So in 4 years the sheep has 8 permanent teeth. In subsequent years, progressively, the permanent teeth begin to drop in height to use and less dense, that we see more space between the tooth and the tooth. The teeth will wear until it becomes round like a grain of corn and begin to fall.

1 – Person under one year
2 – One year (2 permanent teeth)
3 – Two years (4 teeth)
4 – Three years (6 teeth)
5 – Four years (8 permanent teeth)
6 – More than four years

The mandate of CEPOQ in this area is based around three objectives:

1. Develop and coordinate programs sanitation of herds with partners;
2. Initiate, maintain, and organize training activities and health information among sheep producers and others in the sheep industry;
3. Assisting in the development and implementation of R & D Health sheep.

For more information on the Quebec program Remediation sheep flocks for Maedi visna click on the logo below cons.

The health sector is also training. Training for producers, advisors and stakeholders, students and those of ITA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.

In addition, Dr. Corriveau is the CEPOQ and participates in various committees such as:

• Ministerial Committee for a provincial strategy on health and well-being of animals;
• Canadian Committee surveillance of scrapie in sheep: review of regulations;
• CRAAQ: revision of leaflets in the health section of the Guide sheep;
• Canadian Research Committee on internal parasites of sheep.

At the research farm, the health sector can:

• The establishment of monitoring the herd veterinarian CEPOQ;
• organizing and updating medical care and preventive provided the herd;
• Preparation of the subjects offered for sale at auction of selected breeding and genotyping for the flock.

Finally, Dr. Corriveau is involved in most research projects to monitor the health status of study subjects. In addition, for some projects, a visit external herds in order to purchase the subjects for experiments, is performed by the veterinarian CEPOQ.

Axis Research CEPOQ works to advance knowledge and techniques in sheep production in conducting research and development on various fields of activities. Its mandate is also to disseminate the knowledge gained to make quick profit producers and stakeholders.

You want to do R & D?

The Centre d’expertise en production ovine due Québec (CEPOQ) is a leading tool for all professionals and researchers wishing to conduct research projects. Immersing himself in various issues of the sheep industry in Quebec, the CEPOQ is able to assist you in developing the protocol, the data acquisition and analysis of results.

Are you a researcher?

You create and perform many research projects in various sectors related to agriculture (meat quality, breeding, feeding and nutrition, animal welfare, health …): The sheep industry needs your Quebec expertise! Growing for over 10 years, it has identified a significant number of needs. CEPOQ professionals are there to help you develop protocols and to find financing.

In 2010, the Research Committee and Health has prepared a document entitled Needs and opportunities for research in sheep production. This document includes several ideas for research projects that could be achieved in the coming years.

Sheep and goat farming

Younger siblings of cattle in Germany have unduly limited significance. This image is also reflected in organic farming again when the same number of sheep and goat farmers have controlled either organic or such methods are very close. Compared to cattle, the small ruminants, however, are much less problematic in some care and feeding. Thus, in the countryside used of domestic animals living on food that cattle would not look at it. Only the goat milk in relation to their diet is relatively sophisticated and demands the highest diet quality.

Some who work with the natural landscape character of sheep and goat farmers are involved in direct marketing or other forms of farming have next. But there are also larger commercial farms with exclusive milk production and herd sizes up to 300 mothers.

Organic Goat Milk Production

Currently operating a very interesting topic or type the goat milk production dar. The demand for goat milk and its processing products for years exceed the domestic supply. The entry into this production is especially interesting for small to medium grassland and mixed farms, and located in proximity of the acquisition or willing site are relatively mobile, in the direct marketing enter.

Per ha can be used in the grassland regions of the foothills and central mountain areas with sufficient rainfall 8 – 12 are held with breeding goats. For services above 500 l Annual amount of milk or more than 2.5 liters per day must be in addition to the basic food components grass, hay and grass silage and concentrates are presented. The qualities required are from domestic production easy to get – it does not, as often in conventional feeding strategy be – beans and corn (possibly maize) are sufficient for peak performance of a German noble goat over 1,000 liters per lactation or 6 l daily maximum benefits. However, should the not exceed 40% of the TS-based diet, which is incidentally also the guidelines for natural land. Goats need a crude fiber content of at least 18%. The following meets all these requirements perfectly.

Instead of cow’s milk-producing goats and the major acquisition as it

A real alternative to organic dairy farming, the organic goat milk production but is currently only under the following conditions:

• Scarce milk quota with good equipment and good surface qualities of forage
• Realizable cost Stallum or growing below 500 € / goat
• And cost per goat for milking and milk storage at max. 100-150 €
• Milk collection at annual average prices above 70 cents net
• And annual milk volume of 200,000 liters and 250-300 goats
• Alternatively, for smaller farm sizes and / or no dairy recording their own processing and direct marketing in a range from 50,000 l / year

Currently, according to conservative estimates of about 200,000 goats and 70,000 sheep produces about 25 million liters Okomilch in Germany. It processes the entire goat and sheep milk from dairies currently 8 and numerous farm processing. These dairies are located in Bavaria (5), Thuringia (1), Saxony (1) and Singapore (1). Among them, four are certified organic dairies with a total processing capacity of about 10 million liters annually. There are mainly in the northern and eastern states several ecological businesses goat milk producers with its own milk processing, which also buy foreign milk. In the north-west of the republic is developing the ability of the current environmental assessment by a Dutch dairy milk.

1. Introduction
2. Management of newcomers – Preventing the introduction of diseases
3. Limitation of comings and goings on the farm – Preventing the spread of disease
4. Managing groups of animals and their homes – Preventing the spread of disease
5. Hygiene and disinfection of the barn – Preventing the spread of disease
6. Struggle against foreign animal diseases – Border Controls
7. Conclusions

Breeders and industry personnel dedicated to truly ensure the health, well-being and productivity of cattle in Ontario. They know that it is possible to prevent disease. They adopt the practices of health management to prevent the introduction and / or spread of disease among cattle in Ontario.

The prevention of the disease is justified first and foremost economic. Indeed, some farmers are paying thousands of dollars each year to control diseases that have occurred in their herds. Besides the cost of veterinary care, they suffer a major shortfall caused by lower production and death of animals of great value. There are other major reasons why the farmer seeks to minimize the incidence of disease: concern for the welfare of animals, the pride of being a good breeder and peace of mind.

This data sheet describes the strategies of herd management to prevent the introduction of disease or to fight against the spread of disease on the farm. Even if he is talking about in particular cattle, general strategies are applicable to other animals.

Can be found at the end of this data sheet section on the fight against animal diseases.

Communicable diseases are transmitted directly from infected animals to uninfected animals. This mode of spread of disease is most common. The four major strategies that reduce the risk of disease introduction into the herd during the acquisition of new animals.

Produce its own animal feeder

The first strategy is not to introduce subjects in his flock purchased outside. For convenience, very few breeders in Ontario practice this type of farming completely closed, because it requires strict adherence to the following rules:

• renew and increase the herd by incorporating animals born on the farm;
• prevent animals from coming into contact with animals from neighboring farms along the boundary fence;
• resort to artificial insemination for breeding and not bring in bulls;
• not participate in any contest or exhibition;
• restrict visitor access.

Accommodate new entrants to share

The ideal strategy is to quarantine the animals acquired outside. In most farms, reducing the risk of contact with the rest of the herd is probably the only practical method of isolation of newcomers. To isolate newcomers:

• use separate areas of housing, feeding and calving (ideal);
• use separate areas of housing and feeding (acceptable);
• prevent contact with other cattle (minimum acceptable);
• avoid the rest of the herd comes into contact with manure from the isolation area;
• isolate new arrivals for 21 to 30 days;
• observe and examine the animals for early detection of diseases;
• milking cows in the last segregated;
• do testing on new arrivals before they are integrated with the rest of the herd.

Buy animals from known sources and use of screening tests

Most breeders are surrounded by caution when buying animals. They also use programs for laboratory analysis to ensure that their herd is free of disease or only slightly affected. This strategy involves the following steps:

• purchase animals from herds whose health status is known, for example herds enrolled in the Canadian herd health certification;
• purchase heifers or pregnant to reduce the risk of introducing mastitis;
• learn about the health and immunization issues and bought their herd of origin.
• The isolation period of 21 to 30 days is ideal to perform:
  bacterial culture of milk;
  Blood tests to screen for specific diseases.

Breeders can find more information on the Canadian Health Accredited herds in addressing a district veterinarian of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). For addresses and phone numbers of headquarters and operational centers and regional offices of the CFIA, see:

By vaccination

Routinely vaccinating cattle against respiratory disease and abortion. In the case of animals to be bought out, these vaccines can be administered for 21 to 30 days during which the animals are placed in isolation. Bovine viral diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis has been diagnosed in cattle in Ontario. Vaccination against these diseases should be the cornerstone of the vaccination program in each flock. Consult a veterinarian for more detailed recommendations.

Bacteria, viruses or other infectious pathogens are called when they can infect animals exposed. Visitors who wear boots and clothes freshly contaminated by an infectious organism may spread bovine diseases from one point to another of the same farm or from one farm to another. Birds, rodents, pets, people, equipment and vehicles contaminated by manure (droppings or other) should be considered as possible vectors of disease.

Control birds

Pigeons, sparrows, starlings and swallows are the birds that are found most often in and around livestock buildings. Their legs or their droppings are possible vectors of infectious organisms. To limit the presence of birds:

• in the stable, fill all holes and remove every corner, large and small, where the sparrows and starlings may roost or nest;
• nets to ask all openings for natural ventilation barn housing the milking cows;
• plug all the holes in the roofs of silos;
• ask nets before windowsills where pigeons nest.

Eliminate Rodents

In one year, a single rat droppings produced 25 000 and 17 000 single mouse. Just a few small rodents of this kind to seriously contaminate supplies of livestock feed. In addition, these animals carry clinging to their legs or their hair, pathogens and cause each year for millions of dollars in damage in food, agricultural supplies and buildings. To defeat rats and mice:

• construct buildings rodent-proof;
• eliminate hiding places where they can take refuge and reproduce slowly;
• remove sources of food and water;
• destroy existing populations by setting traps, poison bait, or using smoke.

Is available on the OMAF website information on the fight against rodents in livestock facilities. It is advisable to consult a specialist about the use of poisons and other methods of rodent control.

Restrict access to people and pets

People can spread directly from contaminants that are on their shoes, their hands and clothes. Rules to follow to reduce the spread of these contaminants:

• employee awareness of agricultural, visitors and delivery people supply the methods adopted to protect livestock and insist that they are collaborating;
• recommend that visitors not enter the barn and feeding areas;
• on barns and fences at the entrance to the farm, signs to be posted “No Trespassing” and indicate a telephone number to contact you;
• ask visitors not to touch the cows or calves;
• develop an area specifically reserved for visitors in order to minimize their contact with animals;
• Requiring visitors to wash their boots before entering and before exiting;
• ask visitors to spend disposable plastic boots and coveralls clean;
• provide them with a footbath containing a disinfectant solution effective;
• requiring employees to wash their hands before milking the cows and after caring for sick animals;
• requiring employees to wear protective gloves, plastic or rubber when caring calving;
• restrict the movements of dogs and cats from neighboring farms;
• minimize the contact of dogs and cats with the animals and feeding areas;
• vaccinate dogs and cats from the farm against rabies and common diseases in the region;
• Wash clothing with strong detergent and bleach or sodium hydroxide solution.

Clean equipment

Vehicles spread of contaminated materials by their tires, their fenders and undercarriage. Here are the rules to curb the spread of contaminants:
provide an avenue for the movement of separate milk truck in accordance with regulations under the Milk Act (Ontario). This path must be free of manure;

• providing channels “clean” for trucks delivering food for animals, ie d. channels free of manure;
• prevent cattle from crossing the tracks used by trucks or delivery of milk to feed;
• avoid sharing with neighbors equipment used for handling manure;
• washing equipment shared with neighbors and insist that the equipment is clean upon arrival at the farm.

Farm equipment used for handling manure is the most common source of contamination of feed or feeding areas. To reduce the risk of contamination:

• avoid handling food with equipment used to handle manure, or at least, if there is no way around it, wash it before using it for handling food;
• locate the areas of food storage areas and manure handling remote taxiway;
• construct and erect the barns where the cows will not cross the paths taken by trucks delivering food.

Check foods and equipment for distribution

In developing a biosecurity plan for the farm, consider the risks of contamination of food (forage, pasture, grains and concentrates, water and residual milk) as well as equipment and systems for distribution. The section on the management of vehicles and traffic on the farm specifies the key principles. Biosecurity of food must include plans to:

• purchase from suppliers with surveillance programs and quality assurance;
• protection against food contamination through proper storage of chemicals, pesticides and medicines;
• protection against food contamination by manure;
• the establishment of storage facilities of food given for different classes of animals and livestock systems to avoid errors in the distribution of food;
• harvesting forages at the proper moisture content and silage in suitable storage;
• monitoring water quality and cleanliness of systems for distribution.

Clean equipment

Diseases can spread from one cow to another and from one farm to another indirectly through the equipment of all sizes. To reduce this risk:

• prevent vehicles from outside the firm access to areas frequented by cattle;
• wash and disinfect thoroughly, inside and, where appropriate, outside, tools, appliances and vehicles shared with other breeders, and tires;
• use of disposable syringes for all injections;
• disinfect dehorners, knives and hoof trim-feet before using them on the next animal;
• use its own halters and lawn instead of borrowing;
• using shovels and pitchforks separate for feeding and manure disposal;
• disinfected after each calf, bottles and buckets of breastfeeding;
• keep clean the troughs, drinkers and feeders.

Because of their contact with older animals that are infected or carriers of pathogens, young animals contract infectious diseases (Table 1). Practices related to animal housing and livestock management, particularly with regard to dairy cattle, make sure to minimize contact between young animals and their older counterparts. The aim is to give kids time to develop their defenses before being admitted among the adult animals. Facilities must also allow the implementation of management practices and feeding the animals that provide maximum growth, health and comfort. These strategies require the implementation of the following practices:

• keep away from all other age groups dairy calves not yet weaned;
• accommodate each dairy calf in a stall or a crib (niche) individual;
• put bins away from the exhaust fans of the barn;
• housing in small groups dairy calves aged 4 to 8 months, apart from older calves;
• separate the heifers one year of age of heifers be bred;
• separate dry cows from the milking herd;
• ensure that the cows with mastitis are milked last;
• separately housed beef heifers and cows;
• graze in the spring of beef cows in the process of calving, rather than keep them in their winter quarters;
• arrange the order of business so that animals kept away from the rest of the herd and strokes are treated as last;
• providing each animal a sufficient area, furnished with bedding;
• provide feed and water of sufficient length so that each animal can take place.

Table 1. Examples of diseases transmitted to young calves by their adult

The outcome was either recovery, partial or complete, or death. Whatever the outcome, there was a financial loss to the producer.

In recent years, there is a change in attitude from the fight against the disease in the individual animal to the preventive management of the health of the entire population. This change comes from increased sensitivity of the interaction between nutrition, health management, housing and environment in the disease syndrome.

Individual animals still get sick and should be treated, but the financial loss arising from a chronic illness will be greater, and the cure more difficult to implement.

An integral part of this health management is the biosecurity of the herd. A herd biosecurity is a flock in which the risk of introducing disease or other sheep of some indirect vector is minimal.

How is it your herd biosecurity? Before you say “very”, answer the following questions:

How near is the next flock of sheep? At a certain distance to a neighboring farm, on the other side of the fence? The closer you are from another sheep herd, the greater the risk of transmission of agents by air, especially respiratory viruses such as maedi-visna.

When purchasing replacement animals, you put them in quarantine for 28 days? Are they the subject of vaccines, deworming, examination for external parasites and clinical signs of disease? Do you know the health of the herd of origin? Do you buy all your replacement animals from a breeder or do you buy at an auction of cattle?

Visitors are always a problem. You like to show your sheep, but do you have a standard procedure to the effect that all visitors are primarily attracted to the house, shoe boots and bring your suits and pass through a footbath at the entrance to the park sheep and the sheep outside the biosecurity barrier?
What about shipping? Do you have boots and special suits to wear when you are sending lambs to market? If you use a truck driver, are there other sheep in the truck when yours are loaded? Is the truck clean or contain manure when it comes to your operation? Does the truck come into the yard to load or you lamb at the end of the passage?

You bury your dead as soon as possible or are they left to the back fence so they are eaten by scavengers? Dead sheep encourage coyotes; the turkey vultures will travel considerable distances in search of carrion.

What about the manure pile? Is it away from the sheep? Is the manure flow through the park? There have been cases of stomach worms have spread in the runoff from the manure pile. Do you spread your manure? If you hire a contractor, is that the equipment can reach the bunch through the park without sheep? Manure on the equipment could carry the bacteria for Johne’s disease.

Cats are effective in the fight against rodents, but do you have a population sterilized? Females encourage active males from other farms to visit. Kittens can be vectors of toxoplasmosis until the age of seven or eight months. Cover up your grain bins to prevent animals from defecating in the grain?

The list can continue. These are factors to consider in evaluating the effectiveness of biosecurity of the flock. They all have a reason to stop a way of introducing the disease into the flock after it has bio, your flock will develop immunity to the variety of bacteria and viruses that are present. This will result in improved performance as management and nutrition are more effective.

The biosecurity controls need not be expensive; using an approach based on common sense can prevent the accidental introduction of diseases. For the buyer of your animal that you’re using the bio says a producer who is dedicated to his flock. A good biosecurity also gives you peace of mind knowing that the herd is well protected and will respond to good management.

In the case of many drugs and vaccines, injection is the best way to administer the product to the animal. Even if the injection is intended to help the animal, it can also hurt him. Indeed, if not managed properly, it can cause scarring and abscesses, which can be sources of pain and suffering for the animal, not to mention that the product may then be poorly absorbed, lose effectiveness and leave drug residues in meat or milk.

The veterinarian is the best person to ensure control of proper injection techniques, which are explained briefly in this data sheet.

Read the label

Before using any product, read the label

The pharmaceutical manufacturers offer products that are safe and effective, provided that the products are stored and used as directed on the label. Before a permit is granted for a product, research must be done to determine the site of injection, route of administration and dosage that will best treat the condition in question in a species or class of animals in particular. These searches are necessary for the issuance of the permit and to obtain information that will appear on the product label. Drugs approved by Health Canada receive an identification number (DIN) which appears on the label to show that the use of the product is approved in Canada. Use only products with a DIN, except under the advice of a veterinarian.

The label of an approved drug bears the following information:

• Product name, active ingredient and drug concentration;
• Preparation instructions, if applicable;
• Product formulation and content of the container;
• Warnings advising of the hazards the product pose to health and safety of humans who handle it and any restrictions on its use;
• The waiting time it is recommended to follow between the last treatment and milking or slaughter of animals if the milk or meat is intended for human consumption;
• A statement of precautions in storing and handling to preserve the stability and effectiveness of the product;
• Signs describing the species, the class of livestock and disorders for which the product was designed;
• User manual, i.e. d. dosage, frequency of dosing, treatment duration, route of administration (egg. intramuscularly [IM], subcutaneous [SC] or intravenous [IV]) and the interval to be observed between treatments;
• Warnings and cons-signs indicating the dangers the drug poses to health and safety of animals (e.g. possible side effects);
• Restrictions on the use of the drug (e.g. “Do not use in lactating cows);
• Read the instruction sheet included in the package, which outlines specific actions to take when using the product or need to ask your veterinarian for more comprehensive guidance;
• The expiration date or the date after which you should not use the product if the packaging has not been opened yet;
• Lot number or the number assigned by the manufacturer to identify the production batch of the drug.

Off-label use

We are talking about off-label use, or more specifically the use of drugs in an extra-label manner (ELDU) to refer to any use inconsistent with label directions. ELUD possible ONLY on the written recommendation of a veterinarian and plain, which must provide the additional information needed to ensure that the product is used in the manner he recommends.

Failure to comply with guidelines laid by the label can have an impact on waiting times or efficacy.

General principles of administering injections

• Always follow the directions of veterinarian.
• Choose an injection site clean and dry.

Product preparation

• Wipe top of vial with an alcohol swab.
• Insert the needle into the vial. Always use a sterile needle, do not insert a needle into the bottle had already served.
• Remove all needles from vials before storing.
• Store products as directed on the label.

Hygiene

• Wash hands before and after handling medication.
• Wherever possible, use disposable syringes.
• If using reusable syringes using only hot water (no soap or detergent) if they are to serve in the administration of modified live virus vaccines. Chemicals may destroy the live virus and inactivated vaccine.
• In the case of syringes for other types of inject able products, use warm water and a mild disinfectant to clean them.
• After cleaning, use an autoclave device, pressurized steam sterilization) to sterilize reusable syringes before using them again.

Choice of needles

• Use a sterile needle for each animal.
• Wherever possible, use disposable needles for single use. Reusing needles contributes to the transmission of infectious agents (including that of bovine leukemia virus) from one animal to another.
• Sometimes we use the same needle for multiple injections. This is particularly the case when administering several doses within a short period of time, for example, when administering inject able deformer’s cattle. It is so important to change the needle frequently (i.e. every ten animals).
• Select the finest needle that can be used for product type and volume to be injected, to minimize damage tissues and reduce the amount of product that may escape from the injection site.
• Choose the correct needle length taking into account the type of injection and the size of the injected animal. Use of short needles (12.7 to 25.4 mm or ½ – 1 inch) for SC injections and longer needles (38.1 mm or 1 ½ inches) for IM injections. Be sure to use a needle to the right length to administer injections to animals who are young (e.g. Calves) and whose muscles are less developed, to avoid injury to nerves or other tissues.

Restraining animals

• It is important for the person administering the vaccine as for the animal, the latter is held in place during injection. A good immobilization of the subject prevents the needle from breaking during injection due to a sudden movement of the animal. It avoids the operator to accidentally self-inject the product and allows it to see the site of injection.

Product volume to be injected

• Inject a single injection point without exceeding the dose recommended on the label.
• For injection of large volumes, divide the dose in small quantities and inject them at separate injection sites. In general, for IM injection, inject no more than 10 mL per site. In the case of SC injections, one should not exceed 20 mL per site.

Mixing products

• Avoid combining in the same vial or syringe of the same vaccines or drugs, unless the mixture is clearly provided on the label. Some mixtures may influence the products by changing the pH or chemical composition, or by forming a precipitate in the solution.
• Before using, shake the product as directed on the label to ensure they remain in suspension in the vial.

Injection Techniques

Intramuscular injections

• Choose as sites of IM injections, the muscle tissue of lesser value to consumers. In cattle, for example, is favored to the extent possible the neck rather than the hips.
• Draw air into the syringe and inject into the vial a volume of air corresponding to the volume of solution which will be extracted in order to equalize the pressure. Without this injection of air, it will be difficult to extract the solution from the vial.
• Once the solution in the syringe, gently tap the barrel of the syringe with your finger, the needle upward to raise the air bubbles towards the needle. Slowly and gently depress the plunger to release air bubbles before injecting the product.
• Administer IM injections deep into the muscle. Use a needle long enough to penetrate the skin, subcutaneous tissue and fat, and reach the muscle. Rub the needle perpendicular to the surface of the skin.
• Insert the needle into the animal, and then attach the syringe to the needle. To ensure that the needle has not entered a blood vessel, remove the plunger and observe for blood flow in the syringe. If blood appears, withdraw the needle and put it in a different location, not closer than 2.5 cm (1 inch) of the original injection site.

Subcutaneous injections

• In general, if the label gives the choice between an IM or SC injection, we opt for SC injection.
• The SQ injections until the mid-neck in front of the shoulders or above the coast, well behind the shoulder.
• Use a long needle from 12.7 to 25.4 mm (½ – 1 inch).
• To give an SC injection in cattle, pinch the skin around the injection site to lift and form a “tent”. Insert the needle through a wall of the tent at an angle of 30-45 degrees to the body surface. In the case of swine, it is impossible to form a “tent”, so slide the needle under the skin at an angle of about 30 degrees to its surface, and then give the injection.

Intravenous

• People who want to administer intravenous injections should be taught the technique and being advised by a veterinarian because it is an operation that requires expertise and practice.

Multiple injections

• Choose different injection sites on the body (e.g. on both sides of the neck) when repeated treatments must take place within the space of a few days.
• Allow at least 10 cm (4 inches), the width of one hand, between the new site of injection and the last.

Consequences of Poor Injection Techniques

• Treatment failure, if the absorption of the product is delayed or blocked.
• Presence of drug residues in meat or milk, if the drug can be absorbed or metabolized fairly quickly.
• Suffering and disability of the animal, if the nerves are affected or if the reaction causes tissue swelling.
• Excessive trim at slaughter due to abscesses, scarring or broken needles in the animal.
• Shock or death of the treated animal, if the drugs inadvertently enter the bloodstream.
• Accidental injection of operators.

Treatment register

To ensure compliance with the waiting time before slaughter or milking, to facilitate treatment decisions and improve the success rate of treatment must absolutely keep a permanent record all treatments given to animals intended for human consumption.

1. Keep permanent records of treatments administered to animals or animal groups.
2. Record the code identifying the animal, the date or dates of treatment delivery, the name of the product used, dose, route of drug administration, the site of injection and timeout to meet prior to slaughter or milking.
3. Ask the veterinarian to provide written instructions to be followed in administering medication, especially if it is a product which it recommends to use an extra-label.
4. Keep the box tops or labels of the products used, to gain access to the names of products, lot numbers and expiration dates. Enter the date of use on top of the box or label in order to have a permanent record of the date the product was used.
5. For each commodity product, keep in a folder or a drawer a current copy of the leaflet which was inserted into the product packaging.

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However, what happens if the tail is left long in our lush pastures? Loose stools pile up under the tail, making an ideal place for fly strike. The flies lay their eggs in the fecal mass and around it, the eggs hatching into maggots that attack the flesh in the tail, and even enter into the rectum and vagina. A lamb with myiasis is not a pretty sight, and very probably he will die.

However, the fact completely remove the tail to prevent myiasis also presents problems. While some prolapsed rectum may be genetic, but many are the result of the removal of the tail. The problem lies in the anatomy of the region; anus and vulva are kept closed by sphincter muscles, circular muscles around these holes, which relax to allow the passage of stool and urine. To be powerful, all muscle should be attached to a bone skeleton; the muscles have two inserts on the underside of the tail bone. A extends forwards and one backwards along the tail. When the tail is cut short, the insertion of the muscle back is removed, thus weakening these muscles.

The weakness may not be immediately apparent, but very often a sheep without a tail return when the rectum to expel stool. Eventually, the rectum will not return completely to its normal position, leading to prolapsed. In the late 1980s, the fashion was to sheep without a tail, and there was a significant problem with prolapsed in lambs in the test station. When the tails were left longer, the problem disappeared.

Each year during lambing, there are questions about sheep prolapsed during the last month of gestation. In many cases, a contributing factor is ablation short and lost half the muscle insertion. In the last month of gestation, the pelvic muscles, including the muscle holding the vagina and the sphincter muscle of the vulva, relaxing under the influence of hormonal changes in preparation for lambing. A muscle of the vulva is further weakened already weak by these hormonal changes; the result is a vaginal prolapse. Naturally, prolapses occur in ewes with longer tails due to other factors, such as selenium deficiency at this stage of gestation.

Each method of tail docking, or the rubber ring, knife, knife method Burdizzo together, produce the same results if done properly and carefully. Right now, the region is recommended at the end of the net below the tail. As this may leave too short a tail in the adult ewe, work is underway to determine the correct location.

The recommendation of the code of practice to amputate the tail to the lower lip of the vulva in ewes, and in the rectum in the ram is a compromise between no tail docking, with the risk of fly strike, and a complete docking with the possibility a rectal prolapse and / or vaginal. This recommendation was accepted by the committee consisting of producers, veterinarians and members of society to protect animals, and which receives input from provincial associations of sheep. This compromise also addressed the concerns of animal welfare movement to the effect that the docking was an unnecessary mutilation. The question remains, why continue to amputate the tail very short or completely remove the tail when the length of compromise meets the health needs of the sheep?

Seemingly unnoticed by neighbors

“In the end, 15 cats were housed in the two-room apartment of the older lady next door,” says member “Merlin” in coop-board animals & people. ““They suddenly had to go to the hospital and it flew into the whole thing.” The pussycats are just as we have neglected their keeper and malnourished. In this case, the animals were discovered only by accident and collect animals summoned by the Veterinary Office had to be ended. Afterward, the residents had considerable debate as to how this could “unseen” to happen, says the forum member. In fact, some neighbors would have noticed the strong odor that came from the apartment door neighbor, but no further action of discretion. When to intervene as an animal friend in a case like this, without the “informer” to stand?

Animal hoarders show no insight

“Unfortunately, it always lasts until the red tape is to gallop and it often takes a few phones from animal rights activists, is to intervene,” says forum member “taemi” fixed. Taemi appeals to “inform the nearest animal shelter or the police” in such a case. “Animal protection law relevant is it if the animal welfare can not be met, such as when a dog is not regularly according to his needs in nutrients, does not get enough exercise more or is otherwise neglected,” Andreas Rüttimann explained by the Foundation for the animal in the right.

Whether pets are badly malnourished, however, do not get enough run or are not otherwise maintained humanely is in front of closed doors hard to determine. Often refuse to “animal hoarding” as “Messi” the other entrance to her apartment. A little guidance given at the end of the article listed criteria that can give any evidence for a case of “Animal Hoarding”.

Mental illness with loss of reality

Alarmingly, in any case, when a dairy farmer who is asked about his love of animals from the runaway, as the unrepentant. For animal hoarders is unable to recognize the damage that he has grievances and to refrain from his actions. This phenomenon is classified as a mental disorder and desperately in need of treatment, as indicated by uncontrolled holding and collecting pets. In late stages, as reported by German animal rights activists come to the complete neglect of livestock deaths due to lack of supply.

Cases are not yet documented in this country

In the United States occupied a year more than 1,000 cases with hundreds of thousands of animals. In this country and in Germany there are still no concrete figures. However, it is likely to become known that the number of cases of “Animal Hoarding” will increase, warns the German Animal Protection Federation. And “there is still much time and labor claim, to Hoarding, Animal ‘is also recognized in Germany as a disease,” says the Humane Society. Even many official veterinarians had the syndrome as a disease previously unknown. Also in Switzerland, “the diagnosis, animal collectors’ set yet so concrete,” says Eva Waiblinger from Swiss Animal Protection (STS).

We recognize the first signs of “animal hoarding”

Checklist of the Academy for Animal Welfare (Beetz, Gross, Wilczek, Deininger – Stand 05/08)
• The animals are kept longer than the average number (based on average animal husbandry in Germany: up to about three dogs, three to four cats, five rodents)
• You live for the space available to many animals in the premises or on the premises (see minimal requirements of APL, has been estimated by a veterinarian)

• The person shows, despite higher than average number of animals and too little space, no access to the animal population must be reduced

Typical profile of a “Tierhorters” (according to a summary of the Public Health Report)

• 76 percent of animal hoarders are women

• 46% are 60 years or older
• Over 50 percent of those living alone
• In nearly 70 percent of the cases, the floor of a house covered with animal excrement
• In more than a quarter of the cases, there were feces and urine, even in the bed of Tierhorters
• In 80 percent of cases around the Tierhorters also found dead animals, of which he took in 60 percent of cases, no notice

There are home insurance policies with coverage to them. That is why there is home insurance that takes Pets into account within the policy and several guarantees for it

For example in motor insurance, an animal is considered a “thing”, it sounds derogatory if it is equivalent to one (bag, a wheel, etc). The difference between this type of insurance with home insurance is that in this type of insurance, other pets are considered as what they truly are, where they are offered certain privileges, and coverage.

Usually coverage is optional, so you must pay a surcharge on the premium.

This coverage is intended, to meet the needs for what you may require a pet:

-Healthcare
-Death
-Custody
-Robo
-Lost
-Other

When “read the small print, it must take into account a number of issues, including:

-Risks covered
“Animals covered
“Sum Insured for death and health care
“Theft and loss
“Residential custody.

Covered Risks:

In this respect, insurance companies typically cover:
Accidents:
Indemnification regarding health care or animal death by accident insurance because (abuse, fights, falls, ingestion of foreign bodies, heat stroke, childbirth).

So, attention should be paid if the policy insured figure if all the factors or situations that may arise generating attention from the veterinarian, or death of the pet.

Theft and loss:
In this regard, the compensation to lost or stolen pet. What should be considered is that companies usually pay, in various ways, either case (but for theft). And to be considered as theft, it must be a violent act.

While, to be considered as loss should occur through a diversion or theft “did not use violence.”

Generated Expense Death:
The death may be caused by the natural way of life, illness, or accident, which can generate that must be killed to prevent suffering. This requires the services of a veterinary clinic for the destruction of the remains.

Given this, should be observed in the policy, if all these aspects are covered or not, and the maximum of money for each of them.

According to experience, certain insurers, put some kind of certain requirements to qualify for these coverages.

Veterinary stay in Residence:
In this aspect is that in many cases, the pet owner should leave the caring of the animal, for various reasons, accident, illness, vacation, labor. But it may take to be the animal who needs special care due to surgery associated with, for accident or illness.

This type of provision is intended, the cover all eventualities compensating the costs of the animal’s stay in a Residence Veterinary.

On this also should read the policy, since it does not always lend coverage of all situations, often ensures the stay due to illness of the animal, post-operative rehabilitation .. But generally not insured, in the absence the insured for work, vacation or otherwise.

Among other reasons to pay attention to is about the maximum amount of compensation paid to these coverages. Since it is normal to have € 300 for everything, but being on account of the insured, which exceed this figure.

Animals Covered:

In this regard, it is clear that not all animals more than they are at home, are considered “domestic” for insurers. These include: snakes, cockatoos, parrots, and others who are not insurable.

In addition, insurers require that the owner has the animal to the current immunization schedule and counted and identified in Llosa municipalities or autonomous regions where it is due.

One aspect to consider is as to the age of the animal, as there are insurers who say the animals not less than X months, ie 3 months in dogs, or more than Y years 9 years .. Because dogs at that age are more or less certain high risk.

Sum Insured First Death and Health Care:

Insurance companies usually put a limit of indemnity against loss of the death, accidental killing, theft, loss.

Given this, you must read the policy and consider what is the maximum amount of money the insurance company to compensate for such costs.

Also set up money earmarked for health care, these are the costs for the intervention of a veterinarian or clinic stay due to illness or accident.